1942 Half Dollar Value Checker: Errors List, “D”, “S” & No Mint Mark Worth

1942 Half Dollar value ranges from $0.50 face value to $78,000. That record was achieved by a Grade 68 example sold through Stack’s Bowers in June 2021. Upload a photo of yours below and we’ll give you a quick value range. Scroll down to check recent eBay sales and see what buyers are paying right now.

 

1942 Half Dollar Value By Variety

Here’s a quick value chart for 1942 half dollars across all mint marks and condition grades from Good through Mint State.

If you know the grade of your coin, you can find the exact price below in the Value Guides section.

Also Read: Top 100 Most Valuable Kennedy Half Dollar Worth Money (1964 – Present)

 

Top 10 Most Valuable 1942 Half Dollar Worth Money

The coin sitting at the top of this list is a Philadelphia (no mint mark) MS-68+ that hammered for $78,000 at Stack’s Bowers Galleries in June 2021. That’s a common-date Walker in uncommon condition — and the market rewarded it accordingly.

The 1942-D hit $72,000 for an MS-68 at the same June 2021 Stack’s Bowers sale. The 1942-S — famous for mushy strikes — peaked at $70,500 for a razor-sharp PCGS MS-67 at Legend Rare Coin Auctions in April 2023. All three mints can produce breathtaking prices when the coin is right.

Proof coins on this list were specially struck collector pieces. Only 21,120 were made in 1942, which explains the premiums even at lower numerical grades. The PR-68 record of $60,000, realized at Heritage Auctions in August 2021, shows just how much demand exists for the finest survivors of this last proof year. CAM (Cameo) coins — those with frosty devices against brilliant mirror fields — push values even higher. Below MS-66, circulation strikes typically trade for $20–$50, so the entries on this chart represent the point where serious competition kicks in.

 

History of the 1942 Half Dollar

The 1942 Half Dollar packs more wartime drama into its story than almost any other 20th-century American coin.

The Walking Liberty design came out of a 1916 competition after Congress authorized new coinage to replace the Barber series. German-American sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman beat out Hermon MacNeil and Albin Polasek, landing commissions for both the dime (Mercury Dime) and the half dollar. Art historian Cornelius Vermeule called his Walking Liberty obverse one of the most beautiful coins the U.S. Mint ever produced. Hard to argue with that.

The design caused trouble from day one. Chief Engraver Charles Barber — pointedly excluded from the competition — declared Weinman’s design “unusable,” blaming metal “fins” that formed at die edges during striking. Barber carried that grudge to his death in 1917, and the die problems stuck around for decades. By 1942, Philadelphia had introduced the fourth-generation hub (first used in 1938) to strengthen incuse details, which partially fixed the long-standing strike headaches.

On the home front, 1942 half dollars circulated alongside a brand-new rationing system. Families carried ration books with red and blue stamps next to their silver coins. You might spend a half dollar on groceries while also needing 7 ration points for a pound of bacon — a weird dual-currency setup. Meanwhile in Hawaii, the government burned roughly $200 million in paper money to keep it out of Japanese hands, replacing it with special “Hawaii” overprint notes. The 1942 half dollars kept circulating normally on the mainland, creating a strange monetary split between home and the Pacific theater.

Proof coinage had resumed in 1936 after a two-decade break, and each year through 1942 saw higher proof mintages. The 1942 proof run of 21,120 (from 27,500 originally struck, with 76.8% passing inspection and 120 destroyed for assay) set a series record. Then World War II shut down proof production entirely. The next proof half dollar wouldn’t appear until the Franklin series in 1950 — an eight-year gap that makes the 1942 proof the most historically significant of all Walking Liberty proofs.

Weinman’s design ran through 1947 before the Franklin Half Dollar replaced it in 1948. In 1986, a modified version of the Walking Liberty obverse was chosen for the American Silver Eagle bullion coin, and a gold centennial edition followed in 2016. The design outlasted the war by a long shot.

Also Read: Top 35 Most Valuable Franklin Half Dollar Worth Money (1948 – 1963)

 

Is Your 1942 Half Dollar Rare?

Here’s the counterintuitive part: the 1942-S had a higher mintage than the 1942-D, yet it’s far rarer in gem grades. Weak strikes at San Francisco mean most surviving coins top out around MS-64 or MS-65. A sharply struck MS-67 is a completely different kind of rare compared to a low-mintage date. The Proof CAM sits in its own universe — fewer than 10 confirmed examples exist. Even the standard proof, with its 87%+ survival rate, gets scarce fast once you push past PR-67.

For collectors seeking to verify rarity assessments across the entire series, the Coin Identifier and Value App provides comprehensive data on these rankings and market valuations.

 

Key Features of the 1942 Half Dollar

The 1942 Walking Liberty Half Dollar is one of the largest and most visually striking coins that ever circulated in American pockets. Its 90% silver content, intricate design, and mint-specific strike quirks make it trickier to evaluate than most beginners expect.

The Obverse of the 1942 Half Dollar

Lady Liberty strides confidently toward the rising sun. Her right arm reaches forward — a gesture of hope — while her left hand carries intertwined olive and oak branches. Olive for peace, oak for American strength.

The American flag wraps around her figure, creating dramatic movement across the coin’s surface. “LIBERTY” runs along the upper rim, “IN GOD WE TRUST” sits beside her outstretched arm, and “1942” appears at the bottom center. Weinman drew partial inspiration from Oscar Roty’s famous “Sower” designs on late 19th-century French coinage.

Here’s a detail worth checking: on some 1942 proof coins, Weinman’s “AW” initials are missing from the obverse. That’s because master dies got overpolished during production — a known issue on later proof years. Look for the “AW” monogram to help distinguish between different die runs.

The Reverse of the 1942 Half Dollar

Flip it over and you’ll see a bald eagle perched on a rocky mountain crag, wings partially spread. A mountain pine branch sprouts from the rock beneath the eagle, symbolizing natural resilience and growth.

“UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” curves along the upper rim, “HALF DOLLAR” follows the bottom edge, and “E PLURIBUS UNUM” appears in the left field beside the eagle. Weinman’s “AW” initials sit just below the eagle’s right wing, near the “R” in DOLLAR. The reverse design is closely related to a medal Weinman created for the American Institute of Architects — the pine sapling replaced a laurel from that earlier piece.

Look for the mint mark (“D” or “S”) on the reverse, just below the pine sapling and to the left of the rock formation. No mint mark means Philadelphia. Note: earlier Walking Liberty half dollars (1916–1917) had the mint mark on the obverse; it moved permanently to the reverse starting in 1917.

Other Features of the 1942 Half Dollar

The 1942 Walking Liberty Half Dollar has a diameter of 30.6 mm, weighs 12.5 grams, and measures 2.15 mm thick. The composition is 90% silver and 10% copper, containing 0.3617 troy ounces (approximately 11.25 grams) of pure silver.

At current silver spot prices, melt value hovers around $28–$30, so even beat-up examples have real intrinsic worth. The reeded edge — those fine vertical lines around the perimeter — historically prevented coin clipping and helped people identify the denomination by touch.

Also Read: Top 60+ Most Valuable Walking Liberty Half Dollar (1916 -1947)

 

1942 Half Dollar Mintage & Survival Data

Philadelphia cranked out 47,818,000 coins — enough to give roughly one half dollar to every three Americans alive in 1942. Denver added 10,973,800 and San Francisco produced 12,708,000. But raw mintage only tells part of the story.

Survival rates for circulation strikes run about 4.72%–5.23%. Wartime spending wore coins out, and later silver melts destroyed millions more when bullion prices climbed. Proofs tell a different story entirely: with an 87.59% survival rate, those 21,120 pieces were treasured by collectors almost immediately.

What the mintage numbers can’t show you is strike quality. The Mint used 12 obverse dies and 9 reverse dies for 1942 proof production alone — a detail documented by CoinWeek researchers Charles Morgan and Hubert Walker. For business strikes, Philadelphia’s massive output led to widespread die erosion on late-run coins. San Francisco’s chronic striking problems created the “conditional rarity” that makes a well-struck 1942-S worth 100 times more than a typical example of the same date. And the “PR CAM” designation? That frosty-device-on-mirror-field look was nearly impossible to achieve consistently. Fewer than 10 confirmed cameo examples survive from the entire 1942 proof run.

Also Read: What Half Dollars Are Worth Money?

 

The Easy Way to Know Your 1942 Half Dollar Value

Two things drive your 1942 Walker’s value: which mint made it and what shape it’s in. Philadelphia (no mark), Denver (D), and San Francisco (S) strikes each carry different premiums. Worn examples trade at $20–$45, while gem uncirculated pieces can bring $75–$200 or more.

Focus on Liberty’s left hand and skirt folds first. Sharp, fully separated details mean a superior strike — and that boosts value fast. Original mint bloom (that cartwheel luster you see when tilting a freshly struck coin under light) adds real collector appeal too. The Coin Identifier and Value App can instantly evaluate your coin’s grade and provide accurate market pricing based on current numismatic data.

Silver content sets a floor around $28–$30, but numismatic premiums can multiply that many times over for quality coins.

 

1942 Half Dollar Value Guides

• 1942 No Mint Mark (Philadelphia Mint)
• 1942-D (Denver Mint)
• 1942-S (San Francisco Mint)
• 1942 Proof (Philadelphia Mint)
• 1942 Proof CAM (Philadelphia Mint)

Five distinct varieties exist for 1942: three business strikes from Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco, plus proof and Proof CAM versions exclusively from Philadelphia. Values swing widely based on mint mark, grade, and strike quality.

 

1942 No Mint Mark Half Dollar Value

With 47,818,000 struck, you’d think the 1942 Philly half dollar would be boring. It’s not. This is one of the three most common Walking Liberties in gem condition (alongside the 1943 and 1946-D), but that huge production run came with a hidden cost: dies were heavily reused, and many late-run coins show a mushy look on Liberty’s hand, head, and skirt folds. Experienced collectors call it “die erosion,” and it’s the first thing they check.

By 1942, the fourth-generation hub (introduced in 1938) had improved detail on incuse areas, partially fixing the strike problems that plagued the series since Barber first called Weinman’s design “unusable.” A well-struck 1942-P with original frosty luster is a genuinely attractive coin and forms the backbone of many Walker collections.

At the top of the grading scale, perfection pays. An MS-68+ brought $78,000 at Stack’s Bowers Galleries in June 2021 — the all-time record for this date. More recent MS-68 results include $15,600 at Heritage Auctions in July 2025 and $10,800 at Stack’s Bowers in August 2024. At MS-67, prices range from $900 (Heritage, May 2023) to $1,920 (Heritage, November 2024), depending on strike and eye appeal.

Here’s the full auction history showing how these coins have performed across all grade levels.

Steady trading across the board keeps this date liquid at every price point.

 

1942-D Half Dollar Value

Most people assume Denver coins are just Philadelphia coins with a “D.” Not here. The 1942-D is actually the scarcest Denver Mint Walker from 1941–1947 according to PCGS CoinFacts, with a mintage of 10,973,800 — roughly one-quarter of Philly’s output.

What really sets this coin apart is strike quality. Unlike the San Francisco coins (more on those below), Denver produced 1942-D half dollars with consistently sharp strikes and bright, frosty luster. Strike is rarely a problem with this issue. Many examples show full, well-defined detail across the entire design — a huge advantage in a series where weak strikes crush values. PCGS has certified only a handful at MS-68, making the finest-known pieces genuine condition rarities.

The all-time record stands at $72,000 for an MS-68 at Stack’s Bowers Galleries in June 2021. A more recent MS-68 from Heritage Auctions in July 2023 brought $36,000, confirming sustained demand. At MS-67+, prices range from $1,500 to $5,280. If you’re building the popular 1941–1947 short set, the 1942-D rewards patience in finding a sharply struck example.

Auction results across all grades confirm how well this date holds up.

Consistent buyer interest keeps the 1942-D active at every level of the market.

 

1942-S Half Dollar Value

A typical MS-65 sells for around $780. A PCGS MS-67 with a sharp strike? Try $70,500. That’s roughly 90 times more — and it tells you everything about why the 1942-S is the stopper coin in the 1941–1947 short set.

The mintage of 12,708,000 actually exceeds Denver’s. So it’s not about scarcity in the traditional sense. PCGS CoinFacts describes the 1942-S as “almost as rare as the 1941-S” in gem condition and “slightly rarer than the 1943-S and 1944-S.” The problem is chronic weakness in Liberty’s left hand and skirt fold details that affects the vast majority of survivors. Finding a well-struck 1942-S is genuinely difficult.

There’s also a certification holder premium that complicates things further. PCGS-graded MS-67 examples retail for roughly four times more than NGC MS-67 specimens, because the market assumes PCGS applies stricter standards for strike sharpness on this notoriously difficult issue. An NGC MS-67 sold for $5,640 in June 2024, compared to $14,400–$70,500 for PCGS MS-67 coins.

If you have a 1942-S, grab a loupe and examine Liberty’s left hand carefully. Clear, separated fingers and well-defined skirt folds mean you might have a premium strike worth submitting for professional grading.

The auction data below shows just how wide the price spread gets based on strike quality.

Collectors actively hunt for well-struck examples, keeping this date in constant demand.

 

1942 Proof Half Dollar Value

No proof half dollar of any design would appear again until 1950. That eight-year gap makes the 1942 proof — the final Walking Liberty proof ever struck — perpetually sought after by serious collectors.

The production backstory is more complicated than the 21,120 mintage figure suggests. According to Charles Morgan and Hubert Walker at CoinWeek, the Mint originally struck 27,500 pieces but only 76.8% passed inspection. Another 120 were destroyed for assay. The 12 obverse dies and 9 reverse dies all used the fourth-generation hub introduced in 1938, which gave these proofs noticeably better detail than earlier years in the series.

Most 1942 proofs are well struck with full brilliant surfaces if unimpaired. Superb gems in the PR-68 range are known in decent numbers, making that grade the practical ceiling for most collectors. PR-69 is where things get genuinely rare — PCGS has certified only one, NGC has certified eight — and those command approximately $46,000. Top PR-68 results include $60,000 at Heritage Auctions in August 2021 and $16,800 at Stack’s Bowers in their Spring 2024 Showcase Auction. Individual PR-68 prices swing wildly based on toning and eye appeal: from $1,560 for an NGC coin (Heritage, August 2024) to $6,600 for a PCGS bullseye rainbow-toned example (Heritage, August 2024).

The auction record below shows how surface quality and eye appeal create huge price swings at the same grade.

Active trading throughout the year reflects steady collector demand for this historically significant proof.

 

1942 Proof CAM Half Dollar Value

This is the Holy Grail of the entire Walking Liberty proof series. Fewer than 10 confirmed examples exist. Let that sink in.

CAM (Cameo) means the raised design elements — Liberty, the eagle, the lettering — show a distinctive frosty white appearance against brilliant mirror fields. The Mint didn’t try to create this effect on purpose; it happened naturally on early die strikes before the die surfaces wore smooth. No Deep Cameo (DCAM) examples have ever been documented for this date, making any authentic 1942 cameo proof a top-tier rarity.

A PCGS PR-68+ CAC cameo example brought $12,000 at Stack’s Bowers in August 2023 — a big premium over standard proofs at the same grade. Everything had to go right to create these coins: wartime urgency meant nobody was trying to preserve early-die-state pieces, maintaining cameo contrast on a design this intricate was extremely difficult, and the eight-year proof hiatus that followed sealed this tiny population permanently. If you think you have a cameo 1942 proof, get it slabbed by PCGS or NGC before doing anything else.

The auction history below shows how the market values these exceptionally rare coins.

Even with so few coins in existence, marketplace activity stays steady as collectors compete for any available example.

Also Read: Rare Half Dollar Coins to Look For

 

Rare 1942 Half Dollar Error List

America’s first full year of war meant massive production demands — and minting accidents. Some of these are “varieties” (die-level issues affecting many coins from the same die) and some are true “errors” (mechanical malfunctions hitting individual coins). Both types show up in the 1942 series, and some are worth serious money.

1. 1942 DDR FS-801 (Doubled Die Reverse)

This is the big one. The DDR FS-801 is the most significant variety in the entire 1942 Walking Liberty series. The reverse die got hubbed twice with a slight misalignment, leaving visible doubling on multiple design elements.

Look at “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” and “HALF DOLLAR” — that’s where the doubling is most obvious. You’ll also see secondary images on the eagle’s tail feathers and the pine branch. Under 5× magnification, the separation between doubled elements is clear and unmistakable. Don’t confuse this with machine doubling or strike doubling, which are worthless shelf damage. True hub doubling has a distinctly different look — raised, shelf-like secondary images rather than flat, mushy ones.

MS-67+ examples have sold for as much as $10,800. The FS-801 designation comes from the Fivaz-Stanton numbering system published by PCGS. I think this is the ideal starting point for anyone exploring Walking Liberty varieties — it’s accessible enough to find and dramatic enough to be satisfying.

2. 1942 DDO FS-101 (Doubled Die Obverse)

The FS-101 DDO shows strong, clear doubling on “IN GOD WE TRUST” and all four digits of “1942.” On higher-grade examples, you can spot it with the naked eye. Under 5× magnification, it’s unmistakable.

This is a scarce variety that collectors actively pursue. Fine-grade (F-15) examples sell for approximately $70 — nearly triple a standard 1942-P in comparable circulated condition. Higher grades command proportionally bigger premiums.

3. 1942 Struck on Quarter Planchet (“The Headless Walker”)

One of the most visually disturbing error coins you’ll ever see. A quarter planchet is smaller than a half dollar planchet, so the dies can’t impress the full design. The result: Lady Liberty’s head is completely missing above the shoulders, and her outstretched arm is cut off at the hand. Collectors call it “The Headless Walker.”

Extremely rare. Researcher Saul Teichman documented approximately 14 examples of Walking Liberty Half Dollars struck on quarter planchets across all years of the series. A notable 1942 example from the John Whitney Walter collection sold through Stack’s Bowers Galleries in 2018 for $16,200. A separate NGC AU-58 example brought $12,337.50 at the August 2016 ANA auction (conducted jointly by Stack’s Bowers and Heritage). The coin weighs approximately 6.22 grams — dramatically lighter than a normal 12.5-gram half dollar. If you suspect you have one, weigh it first.

4. 1942-S Repunched Mint Mark (RPM) Errors

Multiple RPM varieties exist for both the 1942-D and 1942-S. An RPM happens when the mint mark punch hit the die more than once with slight repositioning between strikes. The 1942-D shows a D/D with a secondary “D” punched slightly below and offset from the primary — it’s faint and usually needs magnification. The 1942-S has documented RPMs too, including one tied to the distinctive “Trumpet Tail S” mint mark style.

These are minor varieties with modest collector followings. Premiums are small to negligible, though die variety completists actively seek them out.

5. Lamination Errors

Lamination errors happen when impurities in the silver-copper alloy cause a thin layer of surface metal to crack, flake, or peel away. These were fairly common on early 1940s silver coins because wartime alloy wasn’t always refined to ideal standards. On a 1942 half dollar, a lamination can show up as a flaking or peeling patch anywhere on the surface.

Small laminations carry little premium. Dramatic peels on high-grade coins, though, attract real collector interest. Always examine carefully to confirm the defect happened at the mint rather than afterward — post-mint damage doesn’t count.

 

Where to Sell Your 1942 Half Dollar?

Now that you know the value of your coins, do you know where to sell those coins online easily? Don’t worry, I’ve compiled a list of these sites, including their introduction, pros, and cons.

Check out now: Best Places To Sell Coins Online (Pros & Cons) 

 

1942 Half Dollar Market Trend

*Market Trend Chart showing the number of people paying attention to this coin.

 

FAQ about the 1942 Half Dollar

1. What makes a 1942 half dollar valuable?

Every 1942 half dollar contains 0.3617 troy ounces of silver, giving it a melt value around $28–$30 at current prices. Beyond that, condition drives everything. A worn circulated coin might sell for $20–$40, while a gem MS-65 can bring $75–$200 or more. At the very top, a PCGS MS-68+ Philadelphia example hit $78,000 in 2021. Mint mark matters at MS-65 and above: the “S” is generally most valuable, then “D,” then no mint mark — thanks to the 1942-S’s conditional rarity. Known errors like the DDR FS-801, DDO FS-101, or the extremely rare struck-on-quarter-planchet also command meaningful premiums.

2. What is the rarest 1942 half dollar variety?

The 1942 Proof CAM (Cameo), with fewer than 10 confirmed examples. No Deep Cameo (DCAM) has ever been documented. Among business strikes, the 1942-S in MS-67 or higher is the most condition-rare — sharply struck examples can sell for $70,500, roughly 90 times the MS-65 price. The “Headless Walker” struck-on-quarter-planchet error is also extremely rare, with only about 14 total examples known across all years of the Walking Liberty series.

3. Are 1942 proof half dollars rare?

It depends on the grade. The 1942 proof had the highest mintage of all Walking Liberty proofs at 21,120 pieces (from 27,500 originally struck). Lower grades like PR-63 through PR-66 are relatively accessible. PR-68 gets genuinely scarce, and PR-69 is extremely rare — PCGS has certified just one, NGC has certified eight. The all-time PR-69 record is approximately $46,000. Cameo varieties with fewer than 10 known are in a league of their own.

4. How do I tell the difference between a weak strike and a worn 1942 half dollar?

This is one of the most important skills for evaluating 1942 half dollars, especially the San Francisco issue. Wear creates a smooth, slightly shiny “rubbed” look on the high points — Liberty’s left hand, top of her head, eagle’s breast feathers. A weak strike looks flat and mushy in those same spots but lacks the telltale smoothness or luster break of genuine wear. Under magnification, a weakly struck coin still shows original mint surface texture (tiny flow lines) in the flat areas. A worn coin shows actual metal displacement. For the 1942-S, a flat left hand almost always means weak strike, not wear — San Francisco’s dies chronically failed to bring up full detail there.

5. What does the “S” mint mark look like on a 1942 half dollar, and where is it located?

Check the reverse, lower-left area just below the pine sapling and to the left of the rock formation. Think 7–8 o’clock position. It’s a small letter. For the 1942-S, several mint mark styles exist: “Small S,” “Large S,” and the “Trumpet Tail S” (the lower serif flares outward like a trumpet bell). You’ll need magnification and comparison to variety reference photos in the PCGS VarietyPlus database to identify which one you have.

6. Is a 1942 half dollar made of real silver?

Yes — 90% silver, 10% copper, containing exactly 0.3617 troy ounces of pure silver. Same across all three mints. This composition held until 1965, when silver was eliminated from dimes and quarters and the half dollar dropped to 40% silver (gone entirely by 1971). Any half dollar dated 1964 or earlier is 90% silver. Quick check: silver half dollars show a solid silver edge with no copper stripe, unlike the clad coins made after 1970.

7. What is the “short set” of Walking Liberty half dollars, and how does the 1942 fit in?

The short set covers just 1941–1947 — skipping the scarcer, pricier early dates. It’s affordable enough for most collectors while still offering real challenges. The 1942-S is the stopper coin — hardest to complete at high grade because of its notorious strike weakness. The 1942-D is the scarcest Denver issue in the run. Completing the short set in MS-65 or better with well-struck examples of everything, including the 1942-S, is a meaningful accomplishment in this hobby.

8. What is a “die strikethrough” error on a 1942 half dollar?

A strikethrough (cataloged for the 1942-P as FS-901) happens when a foreign object — cloth, wire, grease, debris — gets trapped between the die and planchet during striking. The object gets impressed into the coin’s surface, leaving a raised or incuse imprint. The 1942 FS-901 is a documented PCGS variety. Value depends entirely on how large and dramatic the impression is. A big, clearly defined strikethrough on a high-grade coin adds serious premium. A tiny one adds almost nothing.

9. Why did the Walking Liberty design get replaced, and what happened to it afterward?

Despite its beauty, the Walking Liberty never struck cleanly or consistently — exactly what Barber had warned about in 1916. High-volume wartime production made the problem worse. The simpler Franklin design replaced it in 1948. But Weinman’s design was so beloved that it was chosen in 1986 for the American Silver Eagle, the country’s flagship silver bullion coin. A special gold commemorative version followed in 2016 for the design’s centennial. We think it’s the best-looking coin the U.S. ever produced.

10. What should I do if I think I have a rare 1942 half dollar?

First — do not clean it. Cleaning destroys numismatic value permanently and is the most common mistake new collectors make. Second, compare your coin to variety reference images on PCGS CoinFacts (free) or NGC’s VarietyPlus database to check for known varieties like the DDR FS-801 or DDO FS-101. Third, weigh it: a standard 1942 half dollar weighs 12.5 grams, so a coin at approximately 6.22 grams could be the rare struck-on-quarter-planchet error. Finally, if you believe you have something significant, submit it for professional certification through PCGS or NGC before trying to sell. A professional grade and attribution will maximize your realized value at auction.